Disclaimer: I don't have experience building C for Playdate on Windows, but I have some general knowledge of building C.
It looks like a linker error. The Chipmunk2D lib file is missing. It could be a CMakeList.txt misconfiguration. It will help if you show your CMakeList.txt or, better off, include a complete minimal reproducible example.
Also, there are people here who've built Chipmunk2D. Both posts have source code included. Perhaps, they could help you out too.